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eleven - Developments in police education in England and Wales: values, culture and ‘common-sense’ policing
- Edited by Malcolm Cowburn, Sheffield Hallam University, Marian Duggan, University of Kent, Anne Robinson, Sheffield Hallam University, Paul Senior, Sheffield Hallam University
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- Book:
- Values in Criminology and Community Justice
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 03 February 2022
- Print publication:
- 18 September 2013, pp 187-206
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Summary
Introduction
The dominant reform agenda of the police service in England and Wales for the last three decades has revolved around the re-emergence of community policing and a languorous cultural shift from ‘rules’ to ‘values’ (Clark, 2005). At the heart of this shift is conflict between a reflective emphasis on the underpinning ‘values’ of policing and a pragmatic emphasis on the common-sense ‘craft’ of police work. This presents challenges for training and education and, for police officers, raises the question, ‘Whose side are we on?’. Attempts to inculcate more flexible thinking about values, bringing police officers closer to the communities they serve, has often met with resistance manifested through a myriad of police occupational cultures. Consequently, an implementation gap has appeared between the resurgence of a community policing philosophy, the training and development police officers receive to carry out this role, and the practice of street-level community policing.
A new model of police education and development has emerged in England and Wales, running from pre-entry recruitment, through career qualifications, to preparation for leadership and senior command (Flanagan, 2008; Neyroud, 2011; Sherman, 2011). A shift towards police education has long been advocated by international scholars as a mechanism for broader police reform (Bayley and Bittner, 1984; Chan, 1997; Roberg and Bonn, 2004), yet the community values that lie at the heart of this reform agenda have been met with sustained resistance by in-service police officers across a number of international jurisdictions and at all levels of the police hierarchy. This chapter identifies problems encountered when researching personal or professional values and outlines how changes to the provision of police training and education can address the cultural issues that have been subject to sustained public criticism. The chapter subsequently draws on evidence from training and education programmes in Europe and the US and puts forward an understanding of values that is able to envisage long-term change and reform within the police service.
Police education in England and Wales
The regionalised structure of the police in England and Wales makes it difficult to develop a coherent national strategy for police learning and development, resulting in fragmented training provision, little oversight of training delivery and the absence of a clear evidence base to support policy developments (Peace, 2006). Reform has also been inhibited by resistance from police officers to academic study in what is regarded as a practice-focused vocation.
Contributors
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- By Chittima Aryuthaka, William J. Baker, Chris Banks, David R. Bellwood, David Bickford, Rafe M. Brown, Mark de Bruyn, Patrick Campbell, Charles H. Cannon, Gary R. Carvalho, Craig M. Costion, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, Ben J. Evans, Nicholas J. Evans, Matthias Glaubrecht, David J. Gower, Robert Hall, Fabian Herder, Aljosja Hooijer, Agata Hoscilo, Chawaporn Jittanoon, Kenneth G. Johnson, Michael A. Kendall, Peter B. Mather, Yaowaluk Monthum, Robert J. Morley, Alexandra N. Muellner, Vincent Nijman, Les R. Noble, Kevin M. O’Neill, Susan Page, Gordon L. J. Paterson, Sinlan Poo, Mary Rose C. Posa, Richard Ree, Willem Renema, James E. Richardson, Jack Rieley, Kristina von Rintelen, Thomas von Rintelen, Brian R. Rosen, Lukas Rüber, Christoph D. Schubart, Chris R. Shepherd, Bryan L. Stuart, Matthew Todd, Campbell O. Webb, Suzanne T. Williams, John van Wyhe
- Edited by David Gower, Natural History Museum, London, Kenneth Johnson, Natural History Museum, London, James Richardson, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Brian Rosen, Natural History Museum, London, Lukas Rüber, Suzanne Williams, Natural History Museum, London
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- Book:
- Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 19 July 2012, pp vii-x
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Renewing the Moral Life: Some Recent Work in Virtue Theory
- Craig Paterson
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- Journal:
- New Blackfriars / Volume 81 / Issue 952 / June 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2024, pp. 238-244
- Print publication:
- June 2000
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In responding to the Second Vatican Council’s call for a renewal in moral theological reflection, Servais Pinckaers, Benedict Ashley, and Romanus Cessario, all Dominicans, are engaged in the earnest labour of authentically interpreting that call to renewal via a systematic examination of the sources of ethics contained in Sacred Scripture, Tradition, and natural reason.
The years since the Second Vatican Council have seen many divergent trends in moral method, not least the adoption of a widespread adherence to the methodology of proportionalism, particularly in the United States. The above mentioned Dominicans reject such a method as being incompatible with those crucial sources of our faith. In contrast to the popularity of proportionalism, they are engaged in a quiet, patient, and determined project, centred on virtue theory, that is gradually bearing fruit.
In Sources of Christian Ethics, Pinckaers tackles the distorted picture of an ethic based solely on the demands of obligation. The search for the minimal content of obligation in Christian ethics has been corruptive of a fully integrated approach to ethical understanding, and its latent effects are manifested in the minimalism of proportionalism that reduces the moral life to a form of quasitechnical calculus based on the will of the acting subject. Quite simply, proportionalism as a method seems incapable of adequately accounting for our profound sense of personal integrity, and with it, the control we exercise over the constitution of our character expressed in virtuous and unvirtuous conduct.
Understanding of our acts operates on two layers. The first layer is the externally observable act. The second layer, lying near the centre of our being, goes much deeper.